International politics

Drug trafficking in Latin America 

What is drug trafficking?

Drug trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.

    Drug trafficking in Latin America

      

     Latin America is a crucial geographic zone for drug production and trafficking. The Andean countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are the world’s main cocaine producers, while Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean have become the principal corridors for transporting drugs into the United States and Europe.

      As a result, the countries of the region have suffered various consequences of drug trafficking and US-led eradication and interdiction efforts. In production countries, these include environmental and community damage from forced eradication of coca crops such as aerial spraying and the funding of guerrilla insurgent groups through illicit crop cultivation and sale, most notably, FARC in Colombia and the Shining Path in Peru.

 Throughout the entire region, in both drug production and trafficking areas, there has been an upsurge of violence, corruption, impunity, erosion of rule of law, and human rights violations caused by the emergence of powerful organized crime groups and drug cartels. Central America is now home to some of the world’s most dangerous cities, with the highest global homicide rate found in Honduras, at 82.1 murders per 100,000 inhabitants. The region has become unsafe for human rights defenders and journalists that expose the violence; for politicians and security officials that refuse to be corrupted by drug trafficking groups; and, most of all, for its citizens that get caught in crossfire between rivaling gangs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuC4cFT0LKY

Routes of drug trafficking

  

Over the period 2002-2005, global cocaine seizure totals have recently followed a stable trend, amounting to 712 tons in 2007 and 711 tons in 2008. Seizures continued to be concentrated in the Americas and Europe. However, the transition from 2007 to 2008 brought about a geographical shift in seizures towards the source countries for cocaine. Seizures in South America accounted for 59 per cent of the global total for 2008, compared with 45 per cent in 2007.

                           

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLNGOvPUzSY 

The most popular drugs

DRUG	GLOBAL CONSUME	LATIN CONSUME
Marihuana	202.680.000	42.860.000
Amphetamine	56.410.000	6.210.000
Ecstasy	28.090.000	4.020.000
Heroine	20.660.000	1.910.000
Cocaine	20.520.000	8.650.000

The most famous drug trafficker

Griselda Blanco - Colombia
Blanco is one of the biggest drug lords in the '80s. Known as the "Queen of Cocaine" or "The Godmother," Blanco turned the streets of Miami into a slaughter yard during her reign in the '80s.

She was arrested by the DEA in Miami and was deported to Colombia in 1985. By the age of 69, Blanco was shot to death outside a butcher shop in Medellin, Colombia on September 3, 2012.

Carlos Lehder - Colombia
The self -proclaimed Nazi, known as the "Colombian Rambo" paved way for the cocaine transport between Colombia and the United States by taking over a small island in the Bahamas. He is also one of the founders of the Colombian Medellin Cartel, who expanded his cocaine business by teaming up with George Jung, a drug kingpin from Boston whom he met in prison.

Amado Carrillo Fuentes -  Mexico

Fuentes took over the Mexican Juarez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. He is known as the "Lord of Skies" for using jets to transport drugs from Colombia to Mexico. As per the Independent, Fuentes made around $100 million a month from drug trafficking which he pays off locals and the federal government officials to have his shipments transported smoothly.

Fuentes died on July 3, 1997 after undergoing a plastic surgery to change his appearance. At the time of his death, Fuentes has a net worth of $25 billion.

Joaquin Guzmán - México

known as "El Chapo" the Sinaloa Cartel kingpin is one of the most recent drug lord that was captured by the authorities after escaping the maximum security prison by building a tunnel in Mexico. Guzman is the one responsible for transporting drugs into the United States every year.

Pablo Escobar - Colombia 
Known as one of the most notorious drug lords in Colombia, Pablo Escobar became the world's wealthiest men by the time he reached the age of 35. Escobar's father was a poor farmer, but he strived to make a name for himself by becoming the leader of the controversial Medellin cartel, the group responsible for 80 percent of the global cocaine market.

As per reports, Escobar earned around $420 million a week, placing him on top of Forbes' list of international billionaires from 1987 to 1993 and was hailed as the 7^th richest man in the world in 1989. He has net worth of $30 billion as per News One's report.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuOsyxdLy8s  

Chile and the drug trafficking

What are the current trends in Chilean drug legislation?

the debate in Chile in recent years has primarily revolved around the issue of cannabis, especially the liberalisation of laws on cultivation for personal use. According to the National Service for Drug and Alcohol Prevention and Rehabilitation (SENDA), the use and supply of cannabis constitutes over 90 per cent of all activity relating to controlled recreational substances.In 2012, senators Fulvio Rossi and Lagos Weber presented a bill decriminalising the home-growing and personal consumption of cannabis. Although it sparked some controversy in the media, it did not meet the ridicule a similar bill did when presented nine years earlier, so it marked a significant shift in Chilean public opinion on marijuana. The senators’ proposal also triggered a wider debate in the country that raised awareness of the positive aspects of decriminalisation. Cannabis has become more accepted in Chilean society, and even right-wing parliamentarians have expressed a willingness to discuss legalising the medicinal and/or recreational use of cannabis.


What are the current drug laws in Chile
In December 2010 a devastating fire at the San Miguel prison killed 81 inmates. Built for a maximum of 700 inmates, there were 1,900 prisoners held there at the time. On the fire reported that Chile had a prison population of 53,000, in a system with a capacity of only 32,000.
However, the law does criminalise drug use when it is within a group of individuals.

The current drug legislation is contained in Law 20.000, which came into force in February 2005 and was reformed in 2007. It replaced 1995’s Law 19.366, which punished the illicit trafficking of narcotics and psychotropic substances.

Law 20.000 allows for the personal consumption of any recreational drug, while penalising consumption that occurs in groups. It does not, however, establish a threshold for the permitted quantities, so the distinction between trafficking and consumption is left to the discretion of the judge. Its implementing law Decree 867 published in 2007 by the Interior Ministry specifies which drugs, plants and substances are illicit. This decree places and its derivatives in the category of “hard drugs that produce high levels of toxicity or dependence”, thus mandating maximum penalties for cannabis–related crimes. Decree 143, published on 18 August 1997 by the Justice Ministry, requires the Civil Registrar to keep a record of all those sentenced for crimes involving drugs.

How have drug laws impacted Chile's prison situation?

Chile, like almost every country in the region, suffers from overcrowded prisons. Although the trend towards decriminalisation is set, the sharp increase in the domestic prison population in recent years can still be partly attributed to harsh drug control measures, including jail sentences for minor drug-related crimes.

What does the law say about drug use? Is drug use a crime in Chile?

Although Article 4 of Law 20.000 does not prohibit private personal use, all other drug-related activities – including possession – are defined as crimes punishable by lengthy prison sentences of 541 days to 5 years, unless demonstrated to have a medical purpose. 

What are the main illegal substances circulating in Chile?

Marihuana use

                      

Cocaine use

Pasta base use

The most popular drug trafficking in Chile

Mario Silva Leiva best known as “el cabro carrera”

He was born in 1924, his parents passed away when he was 8 years old. He started his criminal

career in Franklin as athief. The people nicknamed him “cabro carrera” because he always escaped from police.

He lived in Buenos Aires between 1941and 1948, he devoted himself to the theft of valuable

species. On his return of Chile he installed a clandestine business horceracing and in the 1960’s, he entered the drug trade. In Valparaiso, he sent cocaine to USA. Also, in Europe he formed a drug ring and participed Medellin Cartel. He come back to Chile with a fortune estimated 20 million dollars.

He suffered a heart attack and die don July 21 at the Clinica Santa Maria.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yifoO132LrM

UN  and the durg trafficking 

UNODC is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime. Established in 1997 through a merger between the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention, UNODC operates in all regions of the world through an extensive network of field offices. UNODC relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from Governments, for 90 per cent of its budget.

UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. In the Millennium Declaration, Member States also resolved to intensify efforts to fight transnational crime in all its dimensions, to redouble the efforts to implement the commitment to counter the world drug problem and to take concerted action against international terrorism.

DO YOU THINK THAT IS POSSIBLE ENDING WITH THE DRUG TRAFFICKING?

                                          

fuentes 

-UNODC. (2016). Drug trafficking. mayo 2016, de UN Sitio web: https://www.unodc.org/

-Terra. (2010). Las drogas mas consumida en el mundo. mayo 2016, de Terra Sitio web: https://noticias.terra.com/mundo/descubre-cuales-son-las-drogas-mas-consumidas-en-el-mundo,0b546d73ea426410VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html

- tni. (2015). eformas a las leyes de drogas en america latina. mayo 2016, de tni Sitio web: http://druglawreform.info/es/informacion-por-pais/america-latina/chile/item/244-chile

-Maria Paz Miranda. (2014). Los 10 narcotraficantes más buscados y poderosos de la historia. mayo 2016, de Guioteca Sitio web: https://www.guioteca.com/internacional/los-10-narcotraficantes-mas-buscados-y-poderosos-de-la-historia/

Translation and society

We want to expose some points of view about how and why translate characters names in children's stories. Also we will provide you some tools that will be helpful when you must to translate this kind of translating children's book.

   

                      

Translation and society

Blanca Nieves and Caperucita Roja, why do translate characters names in children stories?

Snow White and The Little Red Riding Hood are two of the most popular children stories around the world. Both stories are about an innocent and sweet girl in unusual situations, but if both protagonists have a proper name why their names have been translated?

Generally, in many cases the name of people- in this case characters- are kept, but why proper names are translated in literature? This is a common question especially for us, translators. Because we try to make the reader feel comfortable when reading the translated text, book, etc.

First, we need to know what a proper name is. A proper name is a name of a particular, and the necessary conditions of it for being particular are that it must have a historical position. The thing named may also be unique in virtue of possessing some characteristic or set of characteristics possessed by nothing else. But it would not be its uniqueness which made it possible subject of a proper name. For particular things can be named in different ways, and a unique thing may go nameless.

So now, how to know when to translate a proper name? To answer that question is necessary to have knowledge about the translation techniques, and how these techniques affect in the translation itself.

When it comes to translating a children's book, adaptation has traditionally been a more popular technique, this could be due they think their readers will not understand if the translation sounds too foreign. Whatever the reason, the fact is that translators often introduce significant changes in the original to somehow adapt to the target culture stories.

In the case of texts for children the peculiarities the translation is very significant, because children are learning to read and write, and sometimes these texts are “complicated” that is the reason why translator and publishers want to adapt the language and format to what they suppose language and child mentality are. Due to this resources are intentionally used that in a standard text would be considered mistake. (Lozano, 2006)

Today this happens less and less, as publishers and translators of children's book seem to be getting bolder as the publication of books from different cultures. In any case, the truth is that the translators of this literature can afford changes and modifications that would not be acceptable in adult literary translation.

The following are just some examples of the ways in which translators typically make changes to translate children's literature:

a)  Make a happy ending

Some translators consider that the translation of the contents of a book may affect in some way to the children that are part of the target culture.

b)  Edit bad behaviours

Some translators seem to feel responsible for the education of children and readers feel the need to get rid of any kind of negative influence it has in the text. Some have even gone so far as to introduce major changes to get rid of the bad behavior of some of the characters.

C)  Remove foreign elements

Some translators and publisher of children's literature seem to think the children will be confused if they find any "foreign" element in the book, so they decide to edit.

This is seen especially with changes of names, which are often tailored to the target culture. Returning to Astrid Lindgren, one of its main characters called Emil became Michel in the German translation. In a more modern example, the main character of the book and Satoshi Kitamura Oram Hiawyn Angry Arthur became " Fernando Furioso" when translated into Spanish. This last example clearly has something to do with wanting to preserve the alliteration, but at the same time this is typical of the adaptation strategy in children's literature.

According to mention previously we can deduce that the proper name of both stories, White Snow and Little Red Riding Hood, we need to translate the name to Spanish but, keep the sense of what in two cases make reference that the way of two girls are wearing, do not lose the sense of the story.

In these both cases, the translators make reference what they wear the two girls or any quality that make them one and this is for kids understand better of who is talking about using a translation more literal to refer to the characters. This kind of translate keep the original content, without changing the form and structure, word by word. In many opportunities, a translators do not use or choose a literal translation because the purpose of a translation is so precisely and culturally relevant as if it had been written in the target language.

In all types of translation, this is considering one of the less recommend, since to doing word by word it loose a lot the meaning and sense. Sometimes are prepared for writers that translate a written work that they do not know and usually are full of mistakes because no measures are taken to make sense of what translate. But for it is useful the literal translation is to use as pretranslating and see the problems that it can present a text when translating.

It is known that children translating literary texts is a difficult task which it requires a high level of creativity and an excellent hability in writing by the translator. We remembered that literary translation have as purpose keep the shape, style, rithm and the authorial voice. Amparo Hurtado Albir, translator and professor spanish of Barcelona's University Autonoma, is an expert in theme and she is reference in the field of translation theory. She identifies a several techniques and strategies to solve the problems of translation that literary translators are facing, for example;

1. Adaptation: is a technique that replace a cultural element for another characteristics of the receiving culture. As in the case of advertisements, slogans, etc.
2. Linguistic extension: is the linguistics elements edition in the target text.
3. Compensation: is introduce in another text place an information element which is not reflected where it is the original text.
5. Loan: is to put a word or a source text expression in the target texts without changing.
4. Elision: is to remove elements of texts information source language in the target text.

It is very important what resource to use when translating characters names in children stories, because many time these stories are aimed at children who are in full cognitive development, which means that everything they learn will mark them for the future. So often translations will be made using any character trait and being very creative, since the literary texts translationn is a complex task.

Source

. Susana Lozano. (n.d). Consideraciones Críticas Sobre la Edición y Traducción de Libros Infantiles . Madrid: El Barco de Vapor.

. Virgilio. Moya. (n.d.). Nombres Propios: Su traducción. Universidad de las palmas.

. Marina Orellana. (2005). La Traducción del Inglés al Castellano: Guía para el Traductor . Santiago de Chile: Universitaria.

. Amparo Hurtado. (1996). La Traductología : Lingüística y Traductología . Barcelona: TRANS.

. Esteban Torres. (1994). Teoría de la Traducción Literaria . Madrid: HYERONIMUS.

. Traducción365. (2011). traducción leteral. mayo 2016, de traducción 365 Sitio web: http://www.traduccion365.com/articulos/la-traduccion-literal


Catalin B.. (2013). traducción literal. mayo 2016, de spanish translation Sitio web: http://blog-de-traducciones.spanishtranslation.us/etiquetas/traduccion-literal

Regina C.. (2010). Traducción de cuentos infantiles. mayo 2016, de trusted translation Sitio web: Catalin B.. (2013). traducción literal. mayo 2016, de spanish translation Sitio web: http://blog-de-traducciones.spanishtranslation.us/etiquetas/traduccion-literal

. http://blog-de-traduccion.trustedtranslations.com/la-traduccion-de-cuentos-infantiles-2010-05-21.html

Tercera unidad: " psicodrama y teatro espontaneo".

 Biografia 

"No juzgues a un libro por su portada"

La nombre asi, debido a que generalmente todas las personas tenemos un yo interior que no todos conocen , que las caras engañan y por mas cliche que suene la belleza o la no belleza va en el interior.

Espejo: 

Lechuza

Representan el lado femenino, inteligencia, una fuerte presencia, que no es necesariamente lo que es...

Mascara: 

Macetero 

presencia fuerte , pero muy fragil a la vez...

Epitafio:
Mis restos descanzaran en el mar , seran lanzados por unas hermosas palabras de mi futura hija , elegi este lugar porque es sereno , tranquilo , fuerte y hermoso....

Tercera unidad "psicodrama y teatro espontaneo"

Cambio de roles

Tiene como base el ponerse en el lugar del otro. Es una de las técnicas más esenciales ya que hacen a la esencia misma del psicodrama. La más conocida cita de Moreno es quizás: “Un encuentro entre dos: ojo a ojo, cara a cara. Y cuando estés cerca arrancaré tus ojos y los colocaré en el lugar de los míos y tú arrancarás mis ojos y los colocarás en el lugar de los tuyos. Entonces te miraré con tus ojos y tu me mirarás con los míos” 

En el cambio de roles se efectiviza claramente este ponerse en el lugar del otro y permite muchas veces, comprender actitudes incomprensible si no se tienen en cuenta las circunstancias reales que rodean el comportamiento del otro. Hacer el cambio de roles permite investigar más profundamente los contenidos del otro, y muchas veces revela hechos aparentemente desconocidos para el protagonista, actuando desde su propio rol. El diálogo del coordinador con el protagonista actuando desde el rol complementario, (entrevista en escena) puede llevar a los mayores momentos de insight.

Alter ego

Es una locución latina que puede traducirse como “el otro yo”. El concepto se utiliza para nombrar a una persona en que se tiene confianza absoluta, lo que permite que haga de uno mismo sin restricciones. Puede tratarse, por otra parte, de la persona (real o ficticia) en quien se identifica o se reconoce una imitación o una reproducción de otra.

Andrea ( mi alter ego) una persona que no teme hablar sobre ella , que confia en las personas y no se defrauda de nadie , actua como cuando  donde quiere sin importar nada , no se hace la fuerte porque ella lo es ....